Open Access Journal Article

Dynamics of deposit dollarization in Turkey

by A. Yasemin Yalta a orcid  and  A. Talha Yalta b,* orcid
a
Department of Economics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
b
Department of Economics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
JEA  2024, 56; 3(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.58567/jea03020004
Received: 26 June 2023 / Accepted: 22 July 2023 / Published Online: 15 June 2024

Abstract

Deposit dollarization in Turkey has been on the rise, reaching record levels in 2022. This was caused by the worsening macroeconomic fundamentals along with the transition to the presidential system in 2018 and the associated deviation from the monetary policy stance afterward. The unique case of Turkey presents an excellent natural experiment to explore the dynamics of deposit dollarization and how it is affected by the changes in the institutional structure as well as various social, economic, and financial shocks in a relatively short time. This study examines the time varying reactions of deposit dollarization for the period between 2013 and 2022 based on rolling window maximum entropy bootstrap estimates. Our findings reveal that all the model variables had significant and sometimes asymmetric effects on deposit dollarization during the different stages of this turbulent period. In particular, we observe diminishing effects of real exchange rate, policy credibility and consumer confidence over time. The findings provide ample new evidence regarding the dynamics of deposit dollarization in general, and how it is affected by loss of monetary policy credibility.


Copyright: © 2024 by Yalta and Yalta. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Show Figures

Share and Cite

ACS Style
Yalta, A. Y.; Yalta, A. T. Dynamics of deposit dollarization in Turkey. Journal of Economic Analysis, 2024, 3, 56. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea03020004
AMA Style
Yalta A Y, Yalta A T. Dynamics of deposit dollarization in Turkey. Journal of Economic Analysis; 2024, 3(2):56. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea03020004
Chicago/Turabian Style
Yalta, A. Y.; Yalta, A. T. 2024. "Dynamics of deposit dollarization in Turkey" Journal of Economic Analysis 3, no.2:56. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea03020004
APA style
Yalta, A. Y., & Yalta, A. T. (2024). Dynamics of deposit dollarization in Turkey. Journal of Economic Analysis, 3(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea03020004

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

References

  1. Akcay, Ü., Güngen, A.R. (2019) : The making of Turkey's 2018-2019 economic crisis, Working Paper, No. 120/2019, Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin, Institute for International Political Economy (IPE), Berlin
  2. Alesina A., Barro R.J. (2001). Dollarization. The American Economic Review, 91 (2), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.381
  3. Arteta C.O. (2005). Exchange rate regimes and financial dollarization: Does flexibility reduce currency mismatches in bank intermediation? B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics: Topics in Macroeconomics, 5(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.2202/1534-5998.1226
  4. Barbuta-Misu N., Gulec T.C.. Duramaz S., Virlanuta F.O. (2020). Determinants of dollarization of savings in the Turkish economy. Sustainability, 12 (15), 61–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156141
  5. Bocola L., Lorenzoni G. (2020). Financial crises, dollarization and lending of last resort in open economies. The American Economic Review, 110 (8), 2524–2557. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer/20180830
  6. Breiman L. (1996). Bagging predictors. Machine Learning, 24, 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058655
  7. Cakmakli C., Demiralp S. (2020). A dynamic evaluation of central bank credibility. Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series, No: 2015. https://eaf.ku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/erf_wp_2015.pdf
  8. Calvo, G., Vegh, C. (1992). Currency substitution in developing countries: An introduction. Revista de Analisis Economico, 7, 3–28. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451845884.001
  9. Carranza,L. Galdon-Sanchez, J., Gomez-Biscarri, J. (2009). Exchange rate and inflation dynamics in dollarized economies. Journal of Development Economics, 89 (1), 98-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.06.007
  10. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Electronic Data Delivery System, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/, Accessed: June 13th, 2022.
  11. Civcir, I. (2005). Dollarization and its Long-run Determinants in Turkey", Neaime, S. and Colton, N.A. (Ed.) Money and Finance in the Middle East: Missed Oportunities or Future Prospects? (Research in Middle East Economics, Vol. 6, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 201-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1094-5334(05)06010-3
  12. Cowan K., Do Q.T. (2003). Financial dollarization and central bank crediblity. The Word Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No: 06.2003. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3082
  13. De Nicolo G., Honohan P., Ize A. (2005). Dollarization of bank deposits: Causes and Consequences. Journal of Banking & Finance, 29 (7), 1697–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2004.06.033
  14. De Nicoló, G., Patrick, H., & Ize, A. (2003). Dollarizing the banking system: Good or Bad (No. 146; IMF Working Paper).
  15. Demiralp S., Demiralp S. (2019). Erosion of Central Bank independence in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 20 (1), 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1505512
  16. Dumrul C. (2010). Turk ekonomisinde para ikamesinin belirleyicilerinin sınır testi Yaklasimi ile eş-butunlesme analizi. Erciyes Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 0 (35), 199–231. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/erciyesiibd/issue/5892/77934
  17. Gurkaynak RS, Kisacikoglu B, Lee SS. 2022. Exchange rate and inflation under weak monetary policy: Turkey verifies theory. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 9748.
  18. Honohan P. (2007). Dollarization and exchange rate fluctuations. IIIS Discussion Paper, No. 201, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=958052
  19. Horowitz J.L. (2003). The bootstrap in econometrics. Statistical Science, 18, 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1063994976
  20. Ize A., Yeyati E.L. (2003). Financial dollarization. Journal of International Economics, 59 (2), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(02)00017-X
  21. Kesimal N.D. (2021). Reflections on recent trends in deposit dollarization in Turkey. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Bilkent University, http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/handle/11693/76246
  22. Kolcu, F., & Yamak, R. (2022). Döviz Kurunun Mevduat Dolarizasyonu Üzerindeki Asimetrik Etkisi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 37 (2), 481-500.
  23. Levy Yeyati, E. (2006). Financial dollarization: Evaluating the consequences. Economic Policy, 21 (45), 62-118. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3601043
  24. Luca A., Petrova I. (2008). What drives credit dollarization in transition economies? Journal of Banking & Finance, 32 (5), 858–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.06.003
  25. Macedo P. (2022). A two-stage maximum entropy approach for time series regression Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation, Ahead-of-print, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2022.2057540
  26. MacKinnon J.G. (2006). Bootstrap methods in econometrics. Economic Record, 82, 2–18.
  27. Metin-Ozcan K., Us, V. (2007). Dedollarization in Turkey after decades of dollarization: A myth or reality? Physica A, 385 (1), 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2007.06.018
  28. Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (2021). OECD Economic Surveys
  29. Park H., Son J.C. (2020). Dollarization, inflation and foreign exchange markets: A cross-country analysis. International Journal of Finance and Economics, Ahead-of-print, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2295
  30. Sever, E. (2012). Turkiye'de dolarizasyon sureci ve doviz kuru belirsizligi iliskisi. Sosyoekonomi, 17 (17), 203–222.
  31. Singvejsakul J., Chaiboonsri C., Sriboonchitta S. (2018). Frontier of error minimization from copula model application: Evidence from dependence structure of BRICS’s stock markets. Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1053/1/012123
  32. Turkey, https://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/TURKEY-2021-OECD-economic-survey-overview.pdf
  33. Vinod H.D. (1993). Bootstrap methods: Applications in econometrics. In: Maddala G.S., Rao C.R., Vinod H.D. (eds) Handbook of Statistics: Econometrics, 11. North Holland, Elsevier, New York, 629–661.
  34. Vinod H.D., de-Lacalle J.L. (2009). Maximum entropy bootstrap for time series: the meboot R package. Journal of Statistical Software, 29, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v029.i05
  35. Vinod, H.D. (2004). Ranking mutual funds using unconventional utility theory and stochastic dominance. Journal of Empirical Finance, 11, 353–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2003.06.002
  36. Vinod, H.D. (2015). New bootstrap inference for spurious regression problems. Journal of Applied Statistics, 43 (2), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2015.1049939
  37. Weneyam H.B. (2017). Do domestic bond markets participation help reduce financial dollarization in developing countries? Economic Modelling, 66, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.06.008
  38. Yalta, A.T. (2016). Bootstrap inference of level relationships in the presence of serially correlated errors: A large scale simulation study and an application in energy demand. Computational Economics, 48, 339–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-015-9530-7
  39. Yılmaz, K.Ç. (2022). Time-varying causality between dollarization and exchange rate. Business and Management Studies: An International Journal, 10 (1): 163-175. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v10i1.1982