Open Access Essay

Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries

by Taleh Mammadov a,*
a
Department of Economics, Kutahya Dumlupınar University, Kutahya, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
JES  2025 3(1):19; https://doi.org/10.58567/jes03010002
Received: 30 December 2024 / Accepted: 25 March 2025 / Published Online: 14 April 2025
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Abstract

This study investigates whether Turkey's per capita primary energy consumption converges to that of high-income countries using linear unit root tests over the period 1965-2023. The analysis applies a variety of methods, including the Lee and Strazicich (2003) test, Narayan and Popp (2010) test, Lumsdaine and Papell (1997) test, and the conventional ADF test. According to the results of the Lee and Strazicich test, the energy convergence series is stationary at the 1% significance level in Model AA and at the 10% significance level in Model CC. These findings suggest that Turkey may exhibit signs of energy consumption convergence with high-income countries. However, the results of other methods, including Narayan and Popp (2010), Lumsdaine and Papell (1997), and the ADF test, reveal that the series has a unit root, indicating non-stationarity. This inconsistency highlights a lack of definitive evidence supporting energy consumption convergence. The divergence in findings among different methodologies underscores the need for more robust and comprehensive analyses to thoroughly evaluate the energy convergence hypothesis. Addressing this issue could contribute to a better understanding of Turkey's energy consumption dynamics relative to high-income countries.

Keywords: Convergence hypothesis; Energy convergence; Linear unit root test; Turkey;
Copyright: © 2025 by Mammadov. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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APA Style
Mammadov, T. (2025). Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries. Journal of Economic Statistics, 3(1), 19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002
ACS Style
Mammadov, T. Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries. Journal of Economic Statistics, 2025, 3, 19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002
AMA Style
Mammadov T. Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries. Journal of Economic Statistics; 2025, 3(1):19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002
Chicago/Turabian Style
Mammadov, Taleh 2025. "Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries" Journal of Economic Statistics 3, no.1:19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002

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ACS Style
Mammadov, T. Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries. Journal of Economic Statistics, 2025, 3, 19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002
AMA Style
Mammadov T. Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries. Journal of Economic Statistics; 2025, 3(1):19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002
Chicago/Turabian Style
Mammadov, Taleh 2025. "Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries" Journal of Economic Statistics 3, no.1:19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002
APA style
Mammadov, T. (2025). Testing the Convergence Hypothesis in Primary Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Case of High-Income Countries. Journal of Economic Statistics, 3(1), 19. doi:10.58567/jes03010002

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