The study analyses the long growth rate period contribution to human development in West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) from 1996 to 2019 introducing time and institutional indicators effects analyses. Time and institutional effects both greatly improve model's diagnostics statistics. Time effects reduce growth variable coefficient and its significance, but not institutional effects. Combined effects inhibit growth contribution to human development. It appears essential to increase the resiliency of growth and the efficiency of government institutions.

Global distributions of net factor income from abroad (NFI) during 1990-2019 have witnessed that (1) the United States is the top one country accounting for 40% of surpluses of the global total, while a surge in China’s deficit with its GDP increase; (2) GDP growth in emerging economies has a price scissors with NFI deficits; (3) asymmetric NFI has covered up the severity of rich countries’ global arbitrages especially from emerging economies; (4) China’s economic power is exaggerated by the PPP-based GDP implemented by the World Bank. It concludes that (1) developing countries have paid for huge hidden cost for their emergence; (2) the statement of the United States suffering losses absolutely does not hold; (3) GDP is not a universal tool for measuring what matters. It suggests that (1) emerging economies countries should beware of the potential misleading of GDP on economic measurement and economic power comparison ; (2) GDP should be critiqued from the applicability perspective of economies’ types; (3) it is urgent to clarify some misjudgment and misleading concepts in the economic affairs surrounding the global value chain patterns; (4) the construction of national governance capacity in emerging economies should focus on “social infrastructure”, of which one of the important parts is an effective economic statistics system; (5) emerging economies should carry out the strategic layout of international economic statistics talents to enhance their soft powers.

This study investigates whether Turkey's per capita primary energy consumption converges to that of high-income countries using linear unit root tests over the period 1965-2023. The analysis applies a variety of methods, including the Lee and Strazicich (2003) test, Narayan and Popp (2010) test, Lumsdaine and Papell (1997) test, and the conventional ADF test. According to the results of the Lee and Strazicich test, the energy convergence series is stationary at the 1% significance level in Model AA and at the 10% significance level in Model CC. These findings suggest that Turkey may exhibit signs of energy consumption convergence with high-income countries. However, the results of other methods, including Narayan and Popp (2010), Lumsdaine and Papell (1997), and the ADF test, reveal that the series has a unit root, indicating non-stationarity. This inconsistency highlights a lack of definitive evidence supporting energy consumption convergence. The divergence in findings among different methodologies underscores the need for more robust and comprehensive analyses to thoroughly evaluate the energy convergence hypothesis. Addressing this issue could contribute to a better understanding of Turkey's energy consumption dynamics relative to high-income countries.

The impact of international tourism on emerging markets has been overwhelmingly beneficial. Despite the obvious benefits of tourism, it comes at a high price for the environment in the form of pollution. Brazil's annual tourist influx has the potential to boost economic development and damage the country's ecosystems. The objective of this investigation is to analyze, using time series data ranging from 1990 to 2019, the effects of tourism and economic growth (GDP) on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Brazil. The stationarity of the data was examined by employing unit root tests, and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique was used to investigate the link between the factors, taking both the long- and the short-run into consideration. This research shows that there are long-term and short-term ties between Brazil's tourism industry, GDP, and CO₂ emissions. Yet, both tourism and economic expansion have had serious negative effects on Brazil's ecology. These results indicate that in order to maintain environmental quality in Brazil, policymakers need to pursue more eco-friendly economic expansion as well as environmentally conscious tourist regulations.