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Letter
Gold and Bitcoin as Hedging Instruments for Equity Markets under Crisis
by Rubaiyat Ahsan Bhuiyan , Tze Chi Chin  and  Changyong Zhang
Abstract
Gold has been traditionally well recognized as a safe heaven for financial markets. Lately, Bitcoin has been gradually considered as a popular alternative. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020, it has become even more necessary and critical to examine the diversification capability of them to hedge financial risks associated with an unexpected crisis comparable to the p [...] Read more

Letter
Money holding and budget deficit in a growing economy with consumers living forever
by Yasuhito Tanaka
Abstract
I examine the problem of budget deficit in a growing economy in which consumers hold money as a part of their savings in the case where consumers live forever. For simplicity and tractability I use a discrete time dynamic model and Lagrange multiplier method. In the appendix I briefly explain the solution using a discrete time version of the Hamiltonian method. I will show the [...] Read more

Letter
Government deficit and “The World’s smallest macroeconomic model” by Paul Krugman
by Yasuhito Tanaka
Abstract
In his "The World’s smallest macroeconomic model” (Krugman (1999)), Paul Krugman argued that under the assumption of price rigidity, a shortage of money supply leads to underemployment or recession, so increasing money supply can eliminate underemployment and restore full employment. But, how do we increase the money supply? I will show that we need a government def [...] Read more

Letter
The FED’s Strategy on a Targets-based Monetary Policy Framework
by Florian Gerth  and  Yiyang Bian
Abstract
Major economic and financial contractions usually go hand-in-hand with muted inflation. This has been true for the Great Depression, the Global Financial Crisis, as well as the Covid-19 crisis. In this paper, we theoretically highlight and discuss the evolution of instruments and approaches monetary-policy decision makers at the Federal Reserve have in lifting inflation to desi [...] Read more

Letter
Transforming personal finance thanks to artificial intelligence: myth or reality?
by Edouard Augustin Ribes
Abstract
Current societal challenges related to retirement planning, healthcare systems’ evolution and environmental changes require households to pay a closer attention to their personal finances. This in turns calls for the associated industry to transform and scale. To do so, the personal finance industry could potentially leverage artificial intelligence tools for which there [...] Read more

Letter
Time-frequency dependency between stock market volatility, and Islamic gold-backed and conventional cryptocurrencies
by Md. Mamunur Rashid  and  Md. Ruhul Amin
Abstract
We extend the Shariah-compliant digital assets and Islamic Fintech literature through exploring the time-frequency associations between the volatility index (VIX) and cryptocurrencies (both Islamic and traditional). Employing wavelet-based technique, we find that Islamic cryptocurrencies demonstrate low or no coherency with stock market volatility compared to traditional crypto [...] Read more

Letter
Housing and monetary policy: Fresh evidence from China
by Yun Liu
Abstract
We empirically address the effects of monetary policy on the housing market in China using a novel Time-Varying Parameter VARX model. We show that an expansionary monetary has positive effects on the housing market, while during COVID-19, the effects are approaching to zero or even negative. In addition, the effects of the LPR policy are strong and even larger than that of COVI [...] Read more

Letter
Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Economic Policy Uncertainty Affecting Commercial Bank Credit
by Juan Meng  and  Zhe Zhou
Abstract
We analyze the annual microdata of China's 100 commercial banks from 2007 to 2018 using the mediating effect analysis method, analyze the negative impact of economic policy uncertainty on the credit scale of commercial banks, and then verify the intermediary effects of the operational risks and short-term capital liquidity of commercial banks in the impact of economic policy un [...] Read more

Letter
Time to build, financial frictions, and the effectiveness of fiscal stimulus
by Zhiming Ao , Ziyue Chen  and  He Nie
Abstract
By introducing time to build, which creates a time-lag between government investment and the accumulation of productive capital, into an analysis of fiscal stimulus to the economy with financial frictions, we find that the effectiveness of fiscal policy is dampened. While the weakening effects of time to build become significantly weaker alongside with a higher fraction of gove [...] Read more

Letter
The impact of economic policy uncertainty on the profitability of China’s listed export enterprises
by Liping Zheng
Abstract
Based on the empirical data of 6110 listed export companies in China from 2010 to 2019, this paper studies the impact of China's economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index on the profitability of listed companies from the specific perspective of export companies, and analyzes the moderating effects of different factors on this impact. The results show that China's EPU index has a [...] Read more

Letter
The Driving Force of CO2 Reduction in China’s Industries
by Lu Liu  and  Chengzhao You
Abstract
We employ the joint production decomposition model to conduct a full decomposition of CO2 emission among 36 industrial sectors in China from 1998 to 2011, under the framework of growth accounting. The results show that: (1) the average CO2 emission increases at an annual rate of 3.01%, and production technology progression is the main driving force, while the transformation tow [...] Read more