Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA), particularly invasive BLCA, has become a medical burden worldwide as it is associated with recurrence and easy metastasis. There are specific differences in the expression of various miRNAs in tumor and normal tissues. Hence, miRNAs can be used as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. The current study aimed to predict the downstream target genes of BLCA-related miRNAs and explore their association with immune infiltration. Method: Data on BLCA-related mRNA and miRNA expression levels were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Correlation analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to validate the miRNA risk model. The infiltration of various immune cells should be compared to determine the distinct differences between the immunological microenvironment of the two risk groups. Results: A predictive framework of BLCA was established using the expression levels of two miRNAs. Cox regression analysis showed that the low-risk group had a better prognosis. Then, the target genes of miRNA were predicted, and the target genes were analyzed using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Moreover, variations in immune cells and functions between the high- and low-risk groups were assessed. Conclusion: The prognostic features composed of two associated miRNAs (MIR-25, MIR-548AN) may help predict the overall survival of BLCA.

Transition metal sulfides/transition metal phosphides (TMS/TMP) has shown great potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to its unique structural, optical, acoustic and magnetic properties. TMS/TMP can be formed from sulfur/phosphorus source and metal into binary compounds, or from the interaction of hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulfuric acid) with metal oxides or hydroxides. It has a series of unique properties, such as high conductivity, metalloid properties, a variety of valence states and adjustable structure and so on. These advantages make it have great potential in biomedical applications, such as diagnostic imaging, disease therapy and drug/gene delivery. This review presents the latest research progress of TMS/TMP on tumor imaging, diagnosis and treatment. Here, we first illustrate the synthesis approaches and surface modification of TMS/TMP. Then, its emerging applications in tumor diagnosis and therapy are highlighted. Moreover, the challenges of TMS/TMP-mediated diagnosis/treat are provided and the prospective for this field are discussed.

Although docetaxel treatment yields a high survival rate for prostate cancer (PCa), resistance eventually develops in many patients. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of docetaxel resistance is essential for improving treatment strategies. Cytokines, which play a role in cell signaling and immune responses, have been implicated in drug resistance mechanisms. The study revealed that interleukin-8 (IL-8) was consistently overexpressed in both docetaxel-resistant PCa cell lines. Thus, the expression levels of cytokines released from docetaxel-sensitive (PC-3- and DU-145) and resistant (PC-3/R-DU-145/R) PCa cells were compared. IL-8 was found to be commonly expressed in resistant cell lines. This finding led to the hypothesis that IL-8 could play a key role in mediating PCa cell resistance to docetaxel. IL-8 siRNA treatment increased docetaxel sensitivity in both resistant cells. To demonstrate the mechanism of IL-8-related resistance, MDR1 expression was evaluated. After IL-8 siRNA treatment MDR1 expression was reduced in both resistant cells suggesting that IL-8 regulates the docetaxel resistance of PCa cells via modulation of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1). By expanding the knowledge of the cytokines and their effect mechanisms, novel approaches can be developed for the treatment of docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer. Further investigations into the role of IL-8 in docetaxel resistance could offer valuable insights into the development of effective treatment strategies for PCa patients.

Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world, throughout the global researches of cancer treatment, people have a deeper understanding of cancer, and the treatment methods are constantly breakthrough. Conventional surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have serious adverse effects and patients' quality of life is not significantly improved. Now, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy andthermodynamic therapy based on nanotechnology and materials technology are booming, and the development of these novel cancer therapies and their combination therapies brings more possibilities for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the research progress of novel cancer therapies based on nano and material technology from the aspects of mechanism of action and therapeutic methods, hoping to provide reference for their clinical application.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers, and lung adenocarcinoma is the most common NSCLC. Most patients with lung cancer eventually lead to local and metastatic recurrence, including many patients who have completely removed the primary tumor during surgery and have no noticeable metastasis. There are two different deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) libraries in eukaryotic cells. The de novo synthesis of dNTPs in the cytoplasm is coordinated with the cell cycle and reaches a peak in the S phase, thereby providing deoxynucleotides for the replication of genomic DNA. In contrast, the mitochondrial pool of dNTPs is maintained through the mitochondrial deoxynucleoside rescue pathway throughout the cell cycle and is essential for mtDNA replication. Mitochondria are vital cell powers in assimilation and catabolism. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mitochondria is essential for the self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells in lung cancer, glioblastoma and leukemia. Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) and deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) are two mitochondrial deoxynucleoside kinases, which are responsible for the transport of pyrimidine and purine deoxynucleoside in mitochondria. Apoptosis and autophagy are important processes that regulate cell proliferation and death in normal cells and cancer cells. Inducing cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy is an effective means to treat malignant tumors. This review discusses the research progress of the relationship between mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase and lung adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis and autophagy.

The progression in nanotechnology has revolutionized the biomedical sciences for diagnosis and treatment of diseases like cancer. There have been many kinds of nanomaterials but Inorganic nanomaterials have been considered potential candidates for anticancer activities due to their high biocompatibility, less toxicity, high stability, and high precision in targeting affected cells. Several synthesis approaches have been used to prepared these nanoparticles, such as physical, chemical, and biogenic methods. Due to higher toxicity and adverse effects of chemical methods, eco-friendly way such as biosynthesized inorganic nanomaterials have attained much attention for multiple application particularly treatment of diseases. This review presents a comprehensive and updated knowledge (2015-2023) regarding the cancer treatment. The article first categorizes biogenically synthesized inorganic nanoparticles into three main groups: metallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, and quantum dots and then successful stories related to cancer treatment. This will also provide very effective platform for researchers and academia to detail the biogenically synthesized inorganic nanoparticles’ morphology, their characterization, targeted cancer cells.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a prevalent progressive neurodegenerative condition affecting millions globally. Research has found that individuals with PD have a reduced risk of certain cancers, such as colon, lung, and rectal cancers, but an increased risk of brain cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of advanced PD diagnostic methods and for investigating the relationships between risk factors, such as lifestyle due to handedness associated with various types of cancers. Recent ad- vancements in magnetic resonance imaging have enhanced PD diagnosis, reducing misdiagnosis and facilitating more accurate disease progression monitoring. Nevertheless, challenges exist, particularly in the distinction of PD between left-handed and right-handed patients over time. This survey provides an overview of contemporary deep learning-based imag- ing analysis methodologies, encompassing both non-longitudinal and lon- gitudinal contexts. We also explore existing limitations and prospects for refinement to gain deeper insights. These insights are poised to inform the development of personalized treatment strategies for PD patients while elucidating the current disparities between deep learning models and their efficacious implementation in clinical practice.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen, and its presence in medical environments and water bodies has attracted widespread attention. Traditional detection methods are usually time-consuming and cumbersome, so it is necessary to develop a rapid and sensitive detection technology. DNase can specifically recognize and cut DNA molecules complementary to its substrate sequence. The researchers took advantage of this property to design various DNase-based sensors for detecting the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These sensors usually use DNase as a recognition element to identify target strains by hybridizing with specific DNA sequences. When the target strain is present, DNase is activated and begins to catalyze the cleavage reaction, producing a detectable signal. This DNase-based sensor has the advantages of rapidity, high sensitivity, and high specificity. In addition, the researchers also explored combining DNase with nanomaterials, fluorescent dyes, etc. to further improve the performance of the sensor. These improvements have improved the detection ability of the sensor in complex samples, laying the foundation for practical applications. With the continuous improvement of technology, these sensors are expected to be widely used in medical, environmental monitoring and other fields, and provide more efficient and convenient solutions for bacterial detection. This study reviewed the research progress of DNase-based sensors for the rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The stages of liver fibrosis can reflect the severity of chronic viral hepatitis and the probability of liver cancer. Biopsy is still regarded as the reference for staging fibrosis, but the invasive method is not suitable for first-line screening. In recent years, noninvasive methods for detecting virus-driven liver fibrosis have been developed rapidly, which mainly include biological (serum biomarkers indexes) and physical (imaging assessment of liver stiffness) strategies. In this review, we introduce these noninvasive methods, enumerate their diagnosis performances and discuss the role of ferroptosis. At last, we propose directions for future researches.

Ferroptosis, a recently identified form of programmed cell death, is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and elevated free iron levels, involving the regulation of glutathione metabolism, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress biology. Tumor metastasis, a critical hallmark of malignancy and a key contributor to cancer recurrence and mortality, has been extensively linked to iron dysregulation, highlighting the potential of agents inducing iron-mediated cell death as promising strategies for preventing and treating metastasis. This review offers a comprehensive understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and its crucial role in the three distinct stages of metastasis: invasion, circulation, and colonization.

As an important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) inspection, face diagnosis is significant in judging the rise and fall of viscera and essence and diagnosing and treating diseases. Cancer is a serious disease that endangers human life and health. Face diagnosis can play a great role in diagnosing and treating tumors, but this approach has not achieved the expected effects due to the lack of research. Herein, we summarized the research regarding facial expression, color, shape, and state, demonstrating that facial diagnosis is significant in diagnosing and treating tumors. We also propose that facial diagnosis must be combined with computer technology to realize the objectification of facial diagnosis as soon as possible to play a greater role in diagnosing and treating tumors.

Cancer, a pervasive threat to human health, presents formidable challenges to traditional treatment approaches. Tumor immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for combating malignancies by bolstering the body's immune response to thwart tumor metastasis and recurrence. Nonetheless, the intricacies of tumors, patient heterogeneity, and the presence of tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironments have limited the overall efficacy of immunotherapy, achieving only approximately a 20% success rate. In recent years, nanomaterials have garnered increasing attention in the realm of tumor immunotherapy due to their inherent advantages, such as excellent biocompatibility, precise targeting, and controlled drug release. Nanomaterials empower immunostimulatory molecules and therapeutic agents with the ability to specifically target tumors, amplify drug accumulation at tumor sites, facilitate local immune modulation, alleviate immunosuppressive microenvironments, and thereby enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. This review provides an overview of the current state of immunotherapy and offers insights into the ongoing research progress surrounding various nanomaterials aimed at augmenting the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Cancer treatment faces multiple challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, microenvironment influence, treatment side effects, and treatment cost. The heterogeneity of the tumor makes the effect of the same treatment vary in different patients, so the development of personalized treatment strategies is crucial. In addition, resistance of tumor cells to therapeutic drugs is a major challenge, and new strategies to overcome resistance are needed. As a cutting-edge field of science and technology, nanotechnology has brought great potential and opportunities for tumor treatment. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and reduce side effects through precise targeted delivery and controlled release. Cell-membrane coated nanoparticles show great promise in tumor therapy. Nanoparticles coated with cell membranes have good biocompatibility, can reduce the obstacles of immune rejection and cell uptake, improve the accumulation and retention of drugs in tumor tissues, and have good drug delivery ability, drug stability and control release ability. This review discusses advances in the use of cell-membrane coated nanoparticles to target tumor drugs.

Peripheral nerve injury is a serious and disabling disease prevalent in the world. It caused by trauma is often accompanied with soft tissue injuries, fractures, infections, etc., and can cause permanent damage. The treatment methods of peripheral nerve injury mainly include traditional microsurgical repair, neurotrophic drug treatment, as well as cuttingedge nerve conduit treatment, nerve stimulation, cell therapy, etc. However, more than 30% of patients with peripheral nerve injury still have poor recovery, including partial loss or complete loss of motor and/or sensory function, muscle atrophy，chronic pain and severe disability, among can lead to permanent disease. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites which is the most abundant in plants, consisting of an aromatic ring and one or more hydroxyl substituents, the main groups including flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, stilbene and lignans. A lot of studies have shown that natural phenolic compounds have various properties, such as antioxidant, anti-infective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, etc., and have broad applications in the prevention of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, oxidative stress-related diseases, and neuroprotection prospect. This review discusses the potential applications and molecular mechanisms of natural phenolic compounds its polymer derivatives in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands out as one of the most lethal cancers globally, given its complexity, recurrence following surgical resection, metastatic potential, and inherent heterogeneity. In recent years, researchers have systematically elucidated the significance of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in the initiation and progression of HCC. The introduction of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases has significantly enhanced the prognostic assessment of HCC. However, the association between HCC and cell senescence has been infrequently explored in the literature. Method: We downloaded liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC)-related messenger RNA and lncRNA expression levels from TCGA. Correlation analysis, Cox regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were employed to validate the lncRNA risk model associated with cellular aging. Comparing the infiltration of diverse immune cells enabled the identification of distinct differences in the immunological microenvironments of the two risk groups. Subsequently, we conducted a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiment to confirm the accuracy of the selected lncRNAs. Results: A predictive framework for HCC was constructed based on the expression levels of five lncRNAs. Multivariate and univariate Cox regression analyses revealed that lncRNA signatures associated with senescence were independently correlated with an increased risk of HCC. Additionally, the nomogram also provides a more refined and sensitive model. Further investigation into the variations in immune cells and functions between the high-risk and low-risk groups was conducted. Subsequently, a qPCR experiment results revealed underexpression of AC068756.1, AC090578.1, AC145343.1, and LINC0022 in Huh7 and LM3 cells. In contrast, AP003392.4 did not exhibit a significant difference between Huh7 and control cells. Conclusion: The prognostic features and nomogram, consisting of five aging-related lncRNAs (AC068756.1, AC090578.1, AC145343.1, AP003392.4, and LINC00221), may be useful in predicting the overall survival of HCC.